不知道你有沒有聽過CanSecWest?那是一個資通安全研討會。不是像教育部喜歡玩那種無聊的資通安全遊戲,而是真的討論,會影響我們電腦、資料、網路使用的安全問題的研討會。那邊也有一個比賽,叫PWN 2 OWN。(不知道什麼是PWN?)這次有三台電腦:一台Macbook Air,跑OS X 10.5.2,一台Lifebook,裝Windows Vista SP1,跟一台Vaio,裝Linux - Ubuntu Gutsy。你可以拿到那台電腦的帳號,然後目的是屈機,得到可以完全控制這台電腦的權限。
第一天只可以透過網路連接。如果當天有人成功,可以得到兩萬美金,也可以把那台筆電帶回家。(所以PWN2OWN...)不過,沒有人成功。第二天可以坐在那台電腦前,使用它的軟體,可以上網到“特別”的網站等。獎金是一萬美金,電腦一樣可以帶走。那天Macbook Air失敗了。(Safari的問題)
第三天也可以自己安裝軟體,那時候Vista因為Adobe Flash的問題被入侵。有人得到5000塊美金跟一台Fujitsu的筆電。唯一沒有讓人屈機的系統是Ubuntu Gutsy的電腦。Hmm, 你需不需要一個比較安全、穩定、不會限制你、很方便使用的作業系統?(我有沒有說它是免費的?)Well, get it!
Rants, Riding, Radio, Recipes, Rock - and the remnants of a G+ presence...
2008-03-30
2008-03-29
華語 - yes!
我想大家應該還記得教育部把台灣使用的標準語言開始叫成“華語”的新聞。當時教育部還有另外公告一些措施,而好像不一定每個人會喜歡那些措施。我也不一定喜歡教育部所做的事情(例如“資通安全”...),但是這次我贊成,我甚至還高興。為什麼?
台灣人在語言方面使用的名稱蠻亂。你不覺得?可能是因為你習慣,因為你從小就一直聽到這些名稱,說法等。但是我們看一下之前人家怎麼稱呼這個語言。身為外國人,我常聽到人家問“你會不會講國語?”這個問題還比較正常,不過 - “國語”是什麼?它是國家的語言。所以,在日本它是日語,在英國是英語等。
在台灣你可能還不會注意,因為這裡的國語就是現在叫華語這個語言,但是如果你在英國用華語問一個人他會不會講國語 - 請問,你問他哪一種語言呢?他的“國語”好像是英語... 所以,“國語”不是一個很萬用的名稱。
另外呢?“你會不會講中文?”一樣是一個常聽到的問題。不過... 如果我要認真回答的話,我必須說“不會”。為什麼?很簡單:我不會“講文”。我可以寫文,但是不會講。我會講話,會講語言,但是不會“講文”。你沒有從這個角度看過,是不是?因為你從小就一直習慣...
那我們看一下“對面”的人怎麼說。他們好像用蠻像的語言,也有其它用同樣字的語言,所以他們怎麼解決了呢?所有的“地方言”(是不是地方言是別的問題)叫“話”。如果對他們用“語”的名稱,也許有人會想那是另外的語言,不只是地方言。那,如果是另外的語言,是不是... 剛因為北京政府不想聽到這種想法,地方言是“話” - 廣東話,上海話等。
也有相當台灣“國語”的名稱:普通話。這個名稱其實也不會表示是哪一種語言,只是普通的話。不過,中國早就有相當“華語”的名稱:漢語。所以,”漢語拼音“的意思是那是標準語言(標準發音)的拼法。名稱本身沒有說用什麼字拼。
不過,我們回到台灣吧。雖然,如果繼續比較下去,你可能有更多的機會發現台灣在語言方面的用詞多亂,但是我們不用比較,我們直接看台灣的用詞就可以發現不少矛盾。你有沒有發現,在台灣很多語言有兩個名稱:日語跟日文、法語跟法文等。為什麼?啊,一個是講的,一個是寫的。Hmm... 為什麼其它語言不會這樣分?而且,為什麼要分?不是一樣的語言嗎?而且,你有沒有發現:有英語跟英文,德語跟德文,但是你自己的“中文”沒有“中語”?(而且“台語”沒有“台文”這個"對象")可惡的人可能說那是因為你沒有話說 - 但是還好我不是可惡的人...
你也許沒有注意,但是這個分別造成相當大的麻煩,因為讓很多人誤會一些事情,例如語言跟文字的分別。在台灣,很多人認為語言跟文字是一體的,但其實不然。平常,每一種文字並不只有某一種特定語言在使用。
不相信?請問,“文字”是什麼語言?有人回說那是“中文字”,所以很多人會說那是華語,但是... 如果我現在說那個要唸"moji",因為是日語?一樣的字... 或者"also"怎樣?“英文字”,對不對?抱歉,我說那是德語,而它的意思是“所以”。
但是德語不是有那種“特殊”的字嗎?像"äöü"?沒錯,德語因為發音的關系需要比英語多一些字。但是文字還是一樣,而且都不是什麼“英文字”或“德文字”,是羅馬字。羅馬字是這個行球上作流行的文字。
我們在台灣為了寫華語平常用的字其實也不是什麼“中文字”,而是“漢字”,漢族的字。而且,不只有華語在用:日本也在用,韓國有用過,越南也是。或者我們來看看蒙古:他們原來有自己的字,以前也用過漢字,但是現在用西里爾字。那個也不是“俄文字”...
所以,這個“某某語”跟“某某文”的分別不太好,造成誤會,也造成麻煩。(“英文名字”...)其實,只有“字”這個字已經夠麻煩。很多人會說“字”就是相當英語的"word"。當然,因為我們一個字在英語就變成一個"word",對不對?
真的嗎?請問,“書” - 一個字,對不對?好。那,“書法” - 一個字還是兩個字?怎麼沒有聽到聲音?如果你覺得這些只是奇怪的外國人想出的,而字當然是"word"的意思,可不可以引證“辭海”(這裡剛好有1988年的)?它認為字是“代表語言的一種符號;(例)文字”。
所以,“字”這個名稱,不管是哪一種語言的文字,只代表我們眼睛看到的“圖片”,只是文字的造型,但是完全不管那個“符號”有附什麼音或意。羅馬字有造型跟音,沒有意思,幾個字拼起來才變成一個詞。所以“字”代表的只是外觀、造型、圖像,就像"L"這兩條線或"F"這三條線。這兩個“字”只是那幾條線的意思。
或者針對漢字來說,雖然每個漢字有它的造型,有它的唸法,有它的意思,但是“字”代表的只是其中的“造型”。如果要代表意思,那個好像叫“詞”或“辭”,但不是“字”。例如“日”是一個字,也是一個詞 - a character and a word。字的部分只是四劃/五條線。詞的部分是天/太陽的意思。
不過,在台灣誰真的在乎?
所以我高興教育部終於開始整理語言方面的一大團亂...
台灣人在語言方面使用的名稱蠻亂。你不覺得?可能是因為你習慣,因為你從小就一直聽到這些名稱,說法等。但是我們看一下之前人家怎麼稱呼這個語言。身為外國人,我常聽到人家問“你會不會講國語?”這個問題還比較正常,不過 - “國語”是什麼?它是國家的語言。所以,在日本它是日語,在英國是英語等。
在台灣你可能還不會注意,因為這裡的國語就是現在叫華語這個語言,但是如果你在英國用華語問一個人他會不會講國語 - 請問,你問他哪一種語言呢?他的“國語”好像是英語... 所以,“國語”不是一個很萬用的名稱。
另外呢?“你會不會講中文?”一樣是一個常聽到的問題。不過... 如果我要認真回答的話,我必須說“不會”。為什麼?很簡單:我不會“講文”。我可以寫文,但是不會講。我會講話,會講語言,但是不會“講文”。你沒有從這個角度看過,是不是?因為你從小就一直習慣...
那我們看一下“對面”的人怎麼說。他們好像用蠻像的語言,也有其它用同樣字的語言,所以他們怎麼解決了呢?所有的“地方言”(是不是地方言是別的問題)叫“話”。如果對他們用“語”的名稱,也許有人會想那是另外的語言,不只是地方言。那,如果是另外的語言,是不是... 剛因為北京政府不想聽到這種想法,地方言是“話” - 廣東話,上海話等。
也有相當台灣“國語”的名稱:普通話。這個名稱其實也不會表示是哪一種語言,只是普通的話。不過,中國早就有相當“華語”的名稱:漢語。所以,”漢語拼音“的意思是那是標準語言(標準發音)的拼法。名稱本身沒有說用什麼字拼。
不過,我們回到台灣吧。雖然,如果繼續比較下去,你可能有更多的機會發現台灣在語言方面的用詞多亂,但是我們不用比較,我們直接看台灣的用詞就可以發現不少矛盾。你有沒有發現,在台灣很多語言有兩個名稱:日語跟日文、法語跟法文等。為什麼?啊,一個是講的,一個是寫的。Hmm... 為什麼其它語言不會這樣分?而且,為什麼要分?不是一樣的語言嗎?而且,你有沒有發現:有英語跟英文,德語跟德文,但是你自己的“中文”沒有“中語”?(而且“台語”沒有“台文”這個"對象")可惡的人可能說那是因為你沒有話說 - 但是還好我不是可惡的人...
你也許沒有注意,但是這個分別造成相當大的麻煩,因為讓很多人誤會一些事情,例如語言跟文字的分別。在台灣,很多人認為語言跟文字是一體的,但其實不然。平常,每一種文字並不只有某一種特定語言在使用。
不相信?請問,“文字”是什麼語言?有人回說那是“中文字”,所以很多人會說那是華語,但是... 如果我現在說那個要唸"moji",因為是日語?一樣的字... 或者"also"怎樣?“英文字”,對不對?抱歉,我說那是德語,而它的意思是“所以”。
但是德語不是有那種“特殊”的字嗎?像"äöü"?沒錯,德語因為發音的關系需要比英語多一些字。但是文字還是一樣,而且都不是什麼“英文字”或“德文字”,是羅馬字。羅馬字是這個行球上作流行的文字。
我們在台灣為了寫華語平常用的字其實也不是什麼“中文字”,而是“漢字”,漢族的字。而且,不只有華語在用:日本也在用,韓國有用過,越南也是。或者我們來看看蒙古:他們原來有自己的字,以前也用過漢字,但是現在用西里爾字。那個也不是“俄文字”...
所以,這個“某某語”跟“某某文”的分別不太好,造成誤會,也造成麻煩。(“英文名字”...)其實,只有“字”這個字已經夠麻煩。很多人會說“字”就是相當英語的"word"。當然,因為我們一個字在英語就變成一個"word",對不對?
真的嗎?請問,“書” - 一個字,對不對?好。那,“書法” - 一個字還是兩個字?怎麼沒有聽到聲音?如果你覺得這些只是奇怪的外國人想出的,而字當然是"word"的意思,可不可以引證“辭海”(這裡剛好有1988年的)?它認為字是“代表語言的一種符號;(例)文字”。
所以,“字”這個名稱,不管是哪一種語言的文字,只代表我們眼睛看到的“圖片”,只是文字的造型,但是完全不管那個“符號”有附什麼音或意。羅馬字有造型跟音,沒有意思,幾個字拼起來才變成一個詞。所以“字”代表的只是外觀、造型、圖像,就像"L"這兩條線或"F"這三條線。這兩個“字”只是那幾條線的意思。
或者針對漢字來說,雖然每個漢字有它的造型,有它的唸法,有它的意思,但是“字”代表的只是其中的“造型”。如果要代表意思,那個好像叫“詞”或“辭”,但不是“字”。例如“日”是一個字,也是一個詞 - a character and a word。字的部分只是四劃/五條線。詞的部分是天/太陽的意思。
不過,在台灣誰真的在乎?
所以我高興教育部終於開始整理語言方面的一大團亂...
2008-03-28
學生車禍地理訊息系統 - Accident GIS
我知道我是口譯,所以我不應該做這種東西,但是有時候我就忍不住... :D 這次為什麼有做出這個呢?
我們學務處雖然會記錄車禍,但是第一,他們知道的車禍只是學生通知教官的,第二,他們只會記錄每月多少次車禍,多少人受傷,然後公告這些數字。不過,他們不會記錄(或至少不會公告)車禍是誰的錯,也不會公告哪裡發生。
我覺得這對學生不太有用,所以考慮做出這個GIS (Geographic Information System)。Google幾年前已經開始提供GMaps,但是近一年多才終於有台灣的地圖資料。GMaps的API好像也還一直在變化中,但是平常的變化是增加,不是減少。如果你自己也想“玩”一下,可以先看官方的blog。
如果你覺得那些都好複雜(就像對一些人開啟一台非Windows電腦一樣“複雜”),不用擔心,我在這裡會告訴你一個很簡單的方法。你知不知道Google Docs?這個服務原來只要讓你在線上建文件或工作表,後來人們發現其實可以把這文件經過分享連結到Gmaps - 或者其它服務。
意思是,我只需要一個HTML檔,放在我的web server,改一些連線的資料,然後永遠只需要在工作表裡面加資料,不用再動HTML檔。有沒有興趣?那我跟你說怎麼做。
我們先需要HTML檔,所以我們最好到我的GIS,在那邊按Ctrl-U(view page as source),然後存檔。之後你當然需要一個適合的地方可以放這個檔案。這可能是一個小小的網頁空間,但是也可能是你自己的伺服器。決定這個位置之後你必須申請自己的Gmaps key。你要在你的網站使用GMaps的地圖,你先需要有連接的key。
下一步:工作表。我們在Google Docs建立新的工作表。請建這些欄位(在第一行每個欄位寫一個名稱): rank, date, long, lat, acc, resp, text,就像這個圖:

說明:rank是排名位置,每次比行少一個。rank決定在網頁上列的順序。date是日期,當然。你可以用別的寫法,但是這個比較簡單使用,也可以很容易讓電腦以日期排序。acc是學生車禍時的交通工具。我原來想用漢字,但是GMaps在這裡好像還不支援。所以我用簡單的數字:1=走路,2=腳踏車,3=機車,4=汽車。resp要表示車禍責任:1=對方,2=學生。而在text可以寫簡單的車禍說明。
還有兩個:long跟lat。這個是地理位置,我們會用一個工具讓我們知道這些數據:getlonlat。你可以在地圖上找車禍的位置,點那個地方,就可以知道數據。
因為我們網頁要讀工作表的資料,我們必須分享它。(所以,不要記錄太私人的資料!)請點"Publish",然後"More Publishing Options"(更多發佈選項)。我們要把檔案格式改成Atom,然後做出URL。那個URL會有這個格式:http://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/list/[spreadsheet key]/[worksheet id]/public/values
我們需要的是spreadsheet key跟worksheet id。有這兩個,我們回到原來的HTML檔。請你把var param_wsId =的數據改成自己的worksheet id,然後把var param_ssKey =的數值改成自己的spreadsheet key。
之後只有兩個地方還要修改:一個是地圖下的說明。你可以完全刪掉或修改一下。另一個地方在HTML檔的下面。如果你不想知道有多少人有誤打誤撞到你的系統,你可以把一整段刪掉。如果你想用Google Analytics,你最好建一個帳號,然後把我的code換成自己的。
就這樣,這麼快就可以有一個學生車禍GIS。如果有改善的建議,可以在這裡提出。對了,你可能有發現,雖然我在半年前已經做出來了初期的版本,但是我的GIS裡面卻沒有很多資料。沒錯,這就是我們學校的特色:沒有人對任何事情有興趣。希望你的學生不會這樣。
我們學務處雖然會記錄車禍,但是第一,他們知道的車禍只是學生通知教官的,第二,他們只會記錄每月多少次車禍,多少人受傷,然後公告這些數字。不過,他們不會記錄(或至少不會公告)車禍是誰的錯,也不會公告哪裡發生。
我覺得這對學生不太有用,所以考慮做出這個GIS (Geographic Information System)。Google幾年前已經開始提供GMaps,但是近一年多才終於有台灣的地圖資料。GMaps的API好像也還一直在變化中,但是平常的變化是增加,不是減少。如果你自己也想“玩”一下,可以先看官方的blog。
如果你覺得那些都好複雜(就像對一些人開啟一台非Windows電腦一樣“複雜”),不用擔心,我在這裡會告訴你一個很簡單的方法。你知不知道Google Docs?這個服務原來只要讓你在線上建文件或工作表,後來人們發現其實可以把這文件經過分享連結到Gmaps - 或者其它服務。
意思是,我只需要一個HTML檔,放在我的web server,改一些連線的資料,然後永遠只需要在工作表裡面加資料,不用再動HTML檔。有沒有興趣?那我跟你說怎麼做。
我們先需要HTML檔,所以我們最好到我的GIS,在那邊按Ctrl-U(view page as source),然後存檔。之後你當然需要一個適合的地方可以放這個檔案。這可能是一個小小的網頁空間,但是也可能是你自己的伺服器。決定這個位置之後你必須申請自己的Gmaps key。你要在你的網站使用GMaps的地圖,你先需要有連接的key。
下一步:工作表。我們在Google Docs建立新的工作表。請建這些欄位(在第一行每個欄位寫一個名稱): rank, date, long, lat, acc, resp, text,就像這個圖:

說明:rank是排名位置,每次比行少一個。rank決定在網頁上列的順序。date是日期,當然。你可以用別的寫法,但是這個比較簡單使用,也可以很容易讓電腦以日期排序。acc是學生車禍時的交通工具。我原來想用漢字,但是GMaps在這裡好像還不支援。所以我用簡單的數字:1=走路,2=腳踏車,3=機車,4=汽車。resp要表示車禍責任:1=對方,2=學生。而在text可以寫簡單的車禍說明。
還有兩個:long跟lat。這個是地理位置,我們會用一個工具讓我們知道這些數據:getlonlat。你可以在地圖上找車禍的位置,點那個地方,就可以知道數據。
因為我們網頁要讀工作表的資料,我們必須分享它。(所以,不要記錄太私人的資料!)請點"Publish",然後"More Publishing Options"(更多發佈選項)。我們要把檔案格式改成Atom,然後做出URL。那個URL會有這個格式:http://spreadsheets.google.com/feeds/list/[spreadsheet key]/[worksheet id]/public/values
我們需要的是spreadsheet key跟worksheet id。有這兩個,我們回到原來的HTML檔。請你把var param_wsId =的數據改成自己的worksheet id,然後把var param_ssKey =的數值改成自己的spreadsheet key。
之後只有兩個地方還要修改:一個是地圖下的說明。你可以完全刪掉或修改一下。另一個地方在HTML檔的下面。如果你不想知道有多少人有誤打誤撞到你的系統,你可以把一整段刪掉。如果你想用Google Analytics,你最好建一個帳號,然後把我的code換成自己的。
就這樣,這麼快就可以有一個學生車禍GIS。如果有改善的建議,可以在這裡提出。對了,你可能有發現,雖然我在半年前已經做出來了初期的版本,但是我的GIS裡面卻沒有很多資料。沒錯,這就是我們學校的特色:沒有人對任何事情有興趣。希望你的學生不會這樣。
2008-03-24
Epson CX5900與Linux
剛上個在一台Linux電腦(Ubuntu Gutsy)裝了一台Epson CX5900。最近,如果你辦中華電信固定IP的ADSL,他們送這台CX5900。之前有試過幫一個學生在他電腦(一樣Ubuntu Gutsy)裝他的曾品 - 一台較便宜的噴墨印表機。我忘記是哪一台(C90?),但是那時候找不到適合的驅動程式。所以,我這次有點懷疑會不會有一樣的問題。
不過,整個事情還蠻順利:幾個月前,某一個CUPS的更新有提供相當大的變化。之前你可能自己從一個列單選你的印表機,然後選要用哪一個驅動程式等。現在,你只要把印表機插上去,CUPS馬上全部都做好(如果CUPS知道那台印表機),使用者可以按OK就好。(當然也可以改設定)
所以,列印部分完全沒有任何問題。不過,還有掃描功能。掃描器在Linux還是一個比較麻煩的地方。需多廠商不想開放他們掃描晶片的規格,所以沒有辦法寫相當的驅動程式。第一次啟動xsane的時候,它也沒有找到CX5900。不過,我在這裡找到解決方案:
首先,你必需在/etc/udev/rules.d/45-libsane.rules加這兩行:
usb 0×04b8 0×082e
把印表機的USB線拔掉再插,你就可以掃描...
不過,整個事情還蠻順利:幾個月前,某一個CUPS的更新有提供相當大的變化。之前你可能自己從一個列單選你的印表機,然後選要用哪一個驅動程式等。現在,你只要把印表機插上去,CUPS馬上全部都做好(如果CUPS知道那台印表機),使用者可以按OK就好。(當然也可以改設定)
所以,列印部分完全沒有任何問題。不過,還有掃描功能。掃描器在Linux還是一個比較麻煩的地方。需多廠商不想開放他們掃描晶片的規格,所以沒有辦法寫相當的驅動程式。第一次啟動xsane的時候,它也沒有找到CX5900。不過,我在這裡找到解決方案:
首先,你必需在/etc/udev/rules.d/45-libsane.rules加這兩行:
# Epson CX-5900這樣udev會知道這台掃描器。然後還要告訴sane有這台掃描器,所以在/etc/sane.d/epson.conf加這一行:
SYSFS{idVendor}=="04b8", SYSFS{idProduct}=="082e", MODE="664", GROUP="scanner"
usb 0×04b8 0×082e
把印表機的USB線拔掉再插,你就可以掃描...
2008-03-10
No more "English names", please
So you are teaching English. And of course you have given all of your students "English names" - if they didn't already have one. I would like to ask you a question, if you don't mind (and actually even if you do): Why?
Why would someone who is not wanted by FBI, CIA and NBA for something like wearing the wrong t-shirt want a second or even third and fourth name? What is the advantage of that? Running from a marriage?
So you are teaching English. That means you have a certain understanding of English, as well as a certain understanding of language in general, right? Mind if we have a walk? Not through the park, through language. You might want to take your jacket, we may be away for a few minutes...
I'm sure you have heard this example sentence: "The book is on the table." Boring, I know... But let's have a look at some aspects of this sentence which you might not have thought about before. So how does someone know that the book is on the table? Oh, yes, because you said so, of course.
But how does someone know what a book is, and what a table? Talking of that: What is a table? How does it look like? Can we agree that it is (I quote Wikipedia, even though there is no citation for this) "a form of furniture composed of a surface supported by a base, usually four legs"? Sounds sensible, doesn't it? And you noticed that I spoke of "a table", using an indefinite article? So there are a few of them...
For the book we can probably agree on a lot of printed papers bound to one another at one side? So looking back at the example sentence, what we actually want to express with it is "there is a bunch of printed papers being joined on one side, which is currently located on top of a surface that is supported by one to four legs". Sounds pretty complicated, but this is what we mean, what we think of when we say "the book is on the table". (I don't want to dive into the other elements of this sentence now, the nouns are work enough.)
Btw, I think you did tell your students that both "book" and "table" are nouns? And I suppose you remember that nouns are used to name "things". Did I just say "name"? Seems to be: If we can't name something, how do we want to talk about it? However, these nouns seem to apply not just to a single object, but to a whole class of identical or at least similar objects.
So when I hear the word "table", I'm sure that the table I imagine has a colour different from yours. Mine is really shiny, btw. But still, both are tables. So a noun has a semantic component, a meaning, something we think of when we hear that word.
You may have noticed that also here in Taiwan they have tables and books, though they name them slightly differently: "zhuozi" (桌子) for tables and "shu" (書) for books. And this is where dictionaries enter the game: A dictionary basically lists the words used in two different languages for the same things, having the same meanings. So a dictionary is basically just a table pairing words with identical meanings, but belonging to different languages.
And what has all this got to do with names? Well, I would like to ask for your name now, but since that is slightly impossible, let us assume please that your name is "Mike" - a nice, typical "English name". A question: What does it mean?
You never asked yourself that question? I'm sure you will be filled with pride when I tell you the meaning: Who is like God. There are however a few problems with this...
First, Mike is short for Michael, which is a name that comes from Hebrew. So much about the typical "English" name. And second, while some of them were nice fellows, I have not met a single Mike in my life who made the impression he would be in any way related to a God.
So, let's suppose we want to translate your name into another language. Translation means we will transfer a meaning, and the meaning here would be "godlike". (You don't play Quake, do you?) No, wait, if the meaning in English is "godlike", why are you called "Mike" then? Your name should already be the English translation of a Hebrew word!
Confused? Naturally. You may have noticed that names too are nouns, but they are somewhat "special", in English called proper nouns. And these may have a meaning, but that meaning is usually not related to the person a name is assigned to. Doubt? I am not into golf, but the last time I saw an image of Tiger Woods he did not quite look like either a cat or some shrubbery.
Another question: Have you ever met someone from France or have you perhaps been there yourself? How many of the French you met have an English name? Or perhaps Italians? Or Germans?
I am German, and when I tell people that I don't have an "English name", their next question usually is "So what is your German name?" Unfortunately, I don't have such either. My name comes from Scandinavia, is pretty popular in Norway or Sweden. So is it a Swedish name? Or a Norwegian one? Or better a "Scandinavian name"?
Do you understand Chinese? Then you should know that the term used in Taiwan for "English name" is "yingwen mingzi" (英文名字), which means a name written in English. You will never hear the term "yingyu mingzi" (英語名字), which would mean a name spoken in English - this term simply does not exist.
And when Taiwanese speak about "German names" they will call them "dewen mingzi" (德文名字), not "deyu mingzi" (德語名字). So the whole "English name" business is not about the language, it's about the letters the name is written in. I never needed a "Russian name" when I visited the Soviet Union, neither did I need a "Japanese name" when I was living in Japan. (Though I had one, for "special" situations.)
I had just one name until I started to study Chinese. And why did I need a "Chinese name" then? Two reasons: One is computers (Our school's administrative system is even in 2008 unable to process my real name.), the other is the strange phenomenon that Taiwanese can handle thousands of Hanzi, but are often unable (lack of practice, I'd say) to remember the few Roman characters needed for a European's name.
You see, my name is Olaf (Please don't apply English pronounciation to it, OK?), and if I went to Russia now I would just write my name as Олаф - same name, just a different script. In Japan it became オーラフ, and here in Taiwan it could be written as 歐拉夫. (But it isn't.)
It is the same name every time, just in a different script. There is no translation, only transcription. This is how names should be dealt with, and this is how names are dealt with in most parts of this planet. But there is a small island, 394x144km "large"...
And why are things so different on this small island? Quite a few people probably do not like to hear this, but many (most) Taiwanese got a few concepts regarding language wrong, and the really sad thing is that even most of the "language experts" you may encounter are following those wrong concepts. So the people who are supposed to teach language actually teach a few (basic) things incorrectly - and that is not restricted to English, it applies to Chinese too...
One concept that people here in Taiwan do not like to accept is that there is a spoken language and there is a script (characters) chosen for that language. These two are separate items, not a couple married for eternity.
A lot of countries have changed the characters they are using through the course of history. I could not quite read my grandmother's handwriting, because she only wrote partially in Latin script. Vietnam and Korea used to use the same characters as China. Vietnam now uses Latin script, while Korea developed its own.
Mongolia had to get along with Hanzi when it was part of China, now they use Cyrillic script, the same as Russia. And here comes another problem with most people in Taiwan: While they may have heard some of these, they do not actively know. What they know is this:
"I have learned Chinese. The characters I use to write Chinese are therefor 'Chinese characters' (zhongwenzi 中文字). I have learned English. They use different characters. Those are ‘English characters' (yingwenzi 英文字). There is a country nearby called Japan. I have not quite learned their language, but they use different characters. Those are 'Japanese characters' (riwenzi 日文字, sometimes also ribenzi 日本字 - characters of Japan). And there is another country nearby called Korea. They too use different characters. Those are called 'Korean characters' (hanwenzi 韓文字 - or hanguozi 韓國字, characters of Korea)."
Just look at how most people in Taiwan call the language they speak: "zhongwen" (中文). That is "written Chinese". I don't know about you, but I don't speak written text, I only write it. Funnily, there is usually a pair of names for each language, like "fayu" (法語, spoken French) and "fawen" (法文, written French), "riyu" (日語, spoken Japanese) and "riwen" (日文, written Japanese), but this does not apply every time.
There is no "zhongyu" (中語) as someone might expect to accompany "zhongwen" (中文). So, basically, people here in Taiwan only speak a written language... Yes, I know, there is "guoyu" (國語), but what is that? It's the "national language". There are classes with the same name in Japan, teaching - yes, Japanese.
The word used for Taiwanese however is "taiyu" (台語), and there is (Surprise, surprise...) no "taiwen" (台文). The same applies to "American English", now all the rage in Taiwan: There is "meiyu" (美語), but no "meiwen" (美文). (Hmm, does that mean Taiwanese think Americans can't write?) If you should happen to go to the PRC, you may notice that people there care a bit more about correct terms related to language. Though, fortunately, MoE recently decided to call the Mandarin used in Taiwan "huayu" (華語), so at least we finally have a spoken language.
Anyway, in language classes in Taiwan, the message is that there is a language and that language is intrinsically tied to its characters. And that's just not true. Latin script, the characters I am using right now, is the most widely used writing system on this planet. Lots of languages rely on this script, just look at the map.
So why would Taiwanese want an "English name"? Because foreigners can not read their name the way they usually write it: in Hanzi. So, wouldn't it be OK then if Taiwanese knew how to write their name in Latin script? Yes, that is exactly what is needed, but...
You see, due to all the misunderstandings regarding language I mentioned above, transcription systems are not seen as such in Taiwan. "Transcription" would mean that I write the same word (in this case a name) in different characters. For most Taiwanese, Latin script is "English" (since that is the only foreign language using Latin script they learned), so for them a transcription becomes a translation. This is incorrect, but very widely believed in Taiwan.
And unfortunately, nobody really wants to learn any romanisation system. In Japan, people learn Hepburn, so they know how to write their names in Latin script. In the PRC, people learn Hanyu Pinyin, so they too know how to write their names in a writing system many people will understand.
In Taiwan however, the government does not only need to invent their own "system" to emphasize their uniqueness, they do not even bother to teach it at any school. If you do not teach it, who will be able to use it then? So it will be business as usual: Students will still ask "The new foreign teacher can not read Chinese. Can you give me an English name?"
OK, so far I have tried to show you the "scientific evidence" for the whole "English name" game being wrong. Confronted with these facts, the answer I usually get from Taiwanese (and some foreigners) is that it doesn't really matter and that "it's OK if we know it" (我們知道就好。) - so it does not matter if others do not know those names. It seems however, that none of those people ever had to do a certain amount of interpreting.
I am an interpreter, teaching interpreting now and I can torture my students easily with "English names". Even if someone knows who is behind "Twinhead" (and only few know), they usually never have heard of "Powermax". And although they should know a bit about universities in Taiwan, almost nobody knows where exactly "Formosa university" is located. And I didn't even start with people's names...
Let's assume that of the 23m people roaming this small island only ten per cent have an "English name". If your name is indeed Mike, could you please use your divine powers to tell me the English name of Xiao Wanzhen? You don't know? Why?
Oh, no problem, just look it up in a dictionary! After all, dictionaries are there to help you with translations, aren't they? OK, my heaviest dictionaries only hold close to 100,000 records, so I wonder how the 2.3m "English names" (plus their equivalent "Chinese names") should fit in there, but how should I know, I'm just a foreigner living in Taiwan...
But even if there was such a dictionary (or better: a directory), it would need to be updated constantly. Did you notice how quickly people switch their "English names"? What you probably did not know: Even companies and other organisations can relatively easily change their "English name", while it is quite a hassle to change the "Chinese name". The message here: That "English name" is crap anyway, only needed for foreigners, let them guess...
And guessing (or better resigning) is what you end up with if you are an interpreter. But not only then. Imagine this: When I was working in an electronics company in Taizhong, we had a sales guy who suddenly changed his name one day. "Hey, can you call me Elvis now? I don't like my previous name any more..." I can not remember his previous name, but let's say it was Peter.
So "Peter" was known to a few foreigners at other companies. They exchanged business cards, and two months later one of them wants to call Peter. He changed his name a month ago and right after that a new guy came into the company. Peter/Elvis is not there and the new guy answers the phone. He never heard of a "Peter", so he tells the foreigner after a short check that there may have been a Peter before but that there is none now...
And this goes on and on. So if your students ask you for an "English name", please, just don't do it! If you want to teach your students something, teach them a real spelling alphabet, so people on the phone actually know whether that was a "b" or a "p" or a "d" or... And teach them romanisation of Chinese, preferably Hanyu Pinyin, since this still is the international standard (ISO-7098:1991) for writing Chinese in Latin script and may also help them when they go abroad. Otherwise they sit there in another country and have to use English in their correspondence with their parents...
Sorry, our walk took a little longer, but I hope it was worth it...
Why would someone who is not wanted by FBI, CIA and NBA for something like wearing the wrong t-shirt want a second or even third and fourth name? What is the advantage of that? Running from a marriage?
So you are teaching English. That means you have a certain understanding of English, as well as a certain understanding of language in general, right? Mind if we have a walk? Not through the park, through language. You might want to take your jacket, we may be away for a few minutes...
I'm sure you have heard this example sentence: "The book is on the table." Boring, I know... But let's have a look at some aspects of this sentence which you might not have thought about before. So how does someone know that the book is on the table? Oh, yes, because you said so, of course.
But how does someone know what a book is, and what a table? Talking of that: What is a table? How does it look like? Can we agree that it is (I quote Wikipedia, even though there is no citation for this) "a form of furniture composed of a surface supported by a base, usually four legs"? Sounds sensible, doesn't it? And you noticed that I spoke of "a table", using an indefinite article? So there are a few of them...
For the book we can probably agree on a lot of printed papers bound to one another at one side? So looking back at the example sentence, what we actually want to express with it is "there is a bunch of printed papers being joined on one side, which is currently located on top of a surface that is supported by one to four legs". Sounds pretty complicated, but this is what we mean, what we think of when we say "the book is on the table". (I don't want to dive into the other elements of this sentence now, the nouns are work enough.)
Btw, I think you did tell your students that both "book" and "table" are nouns? And I suppose you remember that nouns are used to name "things". Did I just say "name"? Seems to be: If we can't name something, how do we want to talk about it? However, these nouns seem to apply not just to a single object, but to a whole class of identical or at least similar objects.
So when I hear the word "table", I'm sure that the table I imagine has a colour different from yours. Mine is really shiny, btw. But still, both are tables. So a noun has a semantic component, a meaning, something we think of when we hear that word.
You may have noticed that also here in Taiwan they have tables and books, though they name them slightly differently: "zhuozi" (桌子) for tables and "shu" (書) for books. And this is where dictionaries enter the game: A dictionary basically lists the words used in two different languages for the same things, having the same meanings. So a dictionary is basically just a table pairing words with identical meanings, but belonging to different languages.
And what has all this got to do with names? Well, I would like to ask for your name now, but since that is slightly impossible, let us assume please that your name is "Mike" - a nice, typical "English name". A question: What does it mean?
You never asked yourself that question? I'm sure you will be filled with pride when I tell you the meaning: Who is like God. There are however a few problems with this...
First, Mike is short for Michael, which is a name that comes from Hebrew. So much about the typical "English" name. And second, while some of them were nice fellows, I have not met a single Mike in my life who made the impression he would be in any way related to a God.
So, let's suppose we want to translate your name into another language. Translation means we will transfer a meaning, and the meaning here would be "godlike". (You don't play Quake, do you?) No, wait, if the meaning in English is "godlike", why are you called "Mike" then? Your name should already be the English translation of a Hebrew word!
Confused? Naturally. You may have noticed that names too are nouns, but they are somewhat "special", in English called proper nouns. And these may have a meaning, but that meaning is usually not related to the person a name is assigned to. Doubt? I am not into golf, but the last time I saw an image of Tiger Woods he did not quite look like either a cat or some shrubbery.
Another question: Have you ever met someone from France or have you perhaps been there yourself? How many of the French you met have an English name? Or perhaps Italians? Or Germans?
I am German, and when I tell people that I don't have an "English name", their next question usually is "So what is your German name?" Unfortunately, I don't have such either. My name comes from Scandinavia, is pretty popular in Norway or Sweden. So is it a Swedish name? Or a Norwegian one? Or better a "Scandinavian name"?
Do you understand Chinese? Then you should know that the term used in Taiwan for "English name" is "yingwen mingzi" (英文名字), which means a name written in English. You will never hear the term "yingyu mingzi" (英語名字), which would mean a name spoken in English - this term simply does not exist.
And when Taiwanese speak about "German names" they will call them "dewen mingzi" (德文名字), not "deyu mingzi" (德語名字). So the whole "English name" business is not about the language, it's about the letters the name is written in. I never needed a "Russian name" when I visited the Soviet Union, neither did I need a "Japanese name" when I was living in Japan. (Though I had one, for "special" situations.)
I had just one name until I started to study Chinese. And why did I need a "Chinese name" then? Two reasons: One is computers (Our school's administrative system is even in 2008 unable to process my real name.), the other is the strange phenomenon that Taiwanese can handle thousands of Hanzi, but are often unable (lack of practice, I'd say) to remember the few Roman characters needed for a European's name.
You see, my name is Olaf (Please don't apply English pronounciation to it, OK?), and if I went to Russia now I would just write my name as Олаф - same name, just a different script. In Japan it became オーラフ, and here in Taiwan it could be written as 歐拉夫. (But it isn't.)
It is the same name every time, just in a different script. There is no translation, only transcription. This is how names should be dealt with, and this is how names are dealt with in most parts of this planet. But there is a small island, 394x144km "large"...
And why are things so different on this small island? Quite a few people probably do not like to hear this, but many (most) Taiwanese got a few concepts regarding language wrong, and the really sad thing is that even most of the "language experts" you may encounter are following those wrong concepts. So the people who are supposed to teach language actually teach a few (basic) things incorrectly - and that is not restricted to English, it applies to Chinese too...
One concept that people here in Taiwan do not like to accept is that there is a spoken language and there is a script (characters) chosen for that language. These two are separate items, not a couple married for eternity.
A lot of countries have changed the characters they are using through the course of history. I could not quite read my grandmother's handwriting, because she only wrote partially in Latin script. Vietnam and Korea used to use the same characters as China. Vietnam now uses Latin script, while Korea developed its own.
Mongolia had to get along with Hanzi when it was part of China, now they use Cyrillic script, the same as Russia. And here comes another problem with most people in Taiwan: While they may have heard some of these, they do not actively know. What they know is this:
"I have learned Chinese. The characters I use to write Chinese are therefor 'Chinese characters' (zhongwenzi 中文字). I have learned English. They use different characters. Those are ‘English characters' (yingwenzi 英文字). There is a country nearby called Japan. I have not quite learned their language, but they use different characters. Those are 'Japanese characters' (riwenzi 日文字, sometimes also ribenzi 日本字 - characters of Japan). And there is another country nearby called Korea. They too use different characters. Those are called 'Korean characters' (hanwenzi 韓文字 - or hanguozi 韓國字, characters of Korea)."
Just look at how most people in Taiwan call the language they speak: "zhongwen" (中文). That is "written Chinese". I don't know about you, but I don't speak written text, I only write it. Funnily, there is usually a pair of names for each language, like "fayu" (法語, spoken French) and "fawen" (法文, written French), "riyu" (日語, spoken Japanese) and "riwen" (日文, written Japanese), but this does not apply every time.
There is no "zhongyu" (中語) as someone might expect to accompany "zhongwen" (中文). So, basically, people here in Taiwan only speak a written language... Yes, I know, there is "guoyu" (國語), but what is that? It's the "national language". There are classes with the same name in Japan, teaching - yes, Japanese.
The word used for Taiwanese however is "taiyu" (台語), and there is (Surprise, surprise...) no "taiwen" (台文). The same applies to "American English", now all the rage in Taiwan: There is "meiyu" (美語), but no "meiwen" (美文). (Hmm, does that mean Taiwanese think Americans can't write?) If you should happen to go to the PRC, you may notice that people there care a bit more about correct terms related to language. Though, fortunately, MoE recently decided to call the Mandarin used in Taiwan "huayu" (華語), so at least we finally have a spoken language.
Anyway, in language classes in Taiwan, the message is that there is a language and that language is intrinsically tied to its characters. And that's just not true. Latin script, the characters I am using right now, is the most widely used writing system on this planet. Lots of languages rely on this script, just look at the map.
So why would Taiwanese want an "English name"? Because foreigners can not read their name the way they usually write it: in Hanzi. So, wouldn't it be OK then if Taiwanese knew how to write their name in Latin script? Yes, that is exactly what is needed, but...
You see, due to all the misunderstandings regarding language I mentioned above, transcription systems are not seen as such in Taiwan. "Transcription" would mean that I write the same word (in this case a name) in different characters. For most Taiwanese, Latin script is "English" (since that is the only foreign language using Latin script they learned), so for them a transcription becomes a translation. This is incorrect, but very widely believed in Taiwan.
And unfortunately, nobody really wants to learn any romanisation system. In Japan, people learn Hepburn, so they know how to write their names in Latin script. In the PRC, people learn Hanyu Pinyin, so they too know how to write their names in a writing system many people will understand.
In Taiwan however, the government does not only need to invent their own "system" to emphasize their uniqueness, they do not even bother to teach it at any school. If you do not teach it, who will be able to use it then? So it will be business as usual: Students will still ask "The new foreign teacher can not read Chinese. Can you give me an English name?"
OK, so far I have tried to show you the "scientific evidence" for the whole "English name" game being wrong. Confronted with these facts, the answer I usually get from Taiwanese (and some foreigners) is that it doesn't really matter and that "it's OK if we know it" (我們知道就好。) - so it does not matter if others do not know those names. It seems however, that none of those people ever had to do a certain amount of interpreting.
I am an interpreter, teaching interpreting now and I can torture my students easily with "English names". Even if someone knows who is behind "Twinhead" (and only few know), they usually never have heard of "Powermax". And although they should know a bit about universities in Taiwan, almost nobody knows where exactly "Formosa university" is located. And I didn't even start with people's names...
Let's assume that of the 23m people roaming this small island only ten per cent have an "English name". If your name is indeed Mike, could you please use your divine powers to tell me the English name of Xiao Wanzhen? You don't know? Why?
Oh, no problem, just look it up in a dictionary! After all, dictionaries are there to help you with translations, aren't they? OK, my heaviest dictionaries only hold close to 100,000 records, so I wonder how the 2.3m "English names" (plus their equivalent "Chinese names") should fit in there, but how should I know, I'm just a foreigner living in Taiwan...
But even if there was such a dictionary (or better: a directory), it would need to be updated constantly. Did you notice how quickly people switch their "English names"? What you probably did not know: Even companies and other organisations can relatively easily change their "English name", while it is quite a hassle to change the "Chinese name". The message here: That "English name" is crap anyway, only needed for foreigners, let them guess...
And guessing (or better resigning) is what you end up with if you are an interpreter. But not only then. Imagine this: When I was working in an electronics company in Taizhong, we had a sales guy who suddenly changed his name one day. "Hey, can you call me Elvis now? I don't like my previous name any more..." I can not remember his previous name, but let's say it was Peter.
So "Peter" was known to a few foreigners at other companies. They exchanged business cards, and two months later one of them wants to call Peter. He changed his name a month ago and right after that a new guy came into the company. Peter/Elvis is not there and the new guy answers the phone. He never heard of a "Peter", so he tells the foreigner after a short check that there may have been a Peter before but that there is none now...
And this goes on and on. So if your students ask you for an "English name", please, just don't do it! If you want to teach your students something, teach them a real spelling alphabet, so people on the phone actually know whether that was a "b" or a "p" or a "d" or... And teach them romanisation of Chinese, preferably Hanyu Pinyin, since this still is the international standard (ISO-7098:1991) for writing Chinese in Latin script and may also help them when they go abroad. Otherwise they sit there in another country and have to use English in their correspondence with their parents...
Sorry, our walk took a little longer, but I hope it was worth it...
2008-03-05
社會組科技須知 - 檔案格式 6 (壓縮檔)
這次我不想談很多。你想壓縮太大的檔案?還是想把幾個檔案放到一個壓縮檔?那,一樣的問題:要解壓縮的人會不會有辦法……
目前最流行的壓縮格式(多平台)好像是ZIP。我希望你不會還在違法使用沒有注冊的爛Winzip... 拜託,有不少比它強多的免費軟體!(放心,其中一些會有華語界面)
其實,我原來決定要寫關於壓縮檔的文章主要有一個原因:拜託,拜託,拜託,不要把ZIP檔改成EXE檔!拜託你不要做那麼超笨的事情!你不覺得這樣很笨?好吧:
你有一個文件,說是RTF或也許甚至DOC。RTF是每一個文書處理軟體可以處理的格式。DOC也有很多軟體在很多平台可以處理。不管是Windows、Linux或OS X,都有辦法處理這些檔案。你覺得檔案太大,要把它壓縮。OK,每個桌面作業系統會有辦法解壓縮你的ZIP檔。
但是突然你覺得”嘔,我要給大家一個很方便的檔案,它還會自己解壓縮,只要點兩次就好了!“ Hmm,是不是該說一聲”恭喜“?你剛把所有非Windows的使用者排除。或你覺得把一片文章改成一個Windows的執行檔會有什麼結果?
不過,這還不是你唯一的成功。也許你還沒有發現(因為不在乎或不知道這種事?),但是不少組織不會接受有可執行附加檔的e-mail。原因很簡單:避免中毒。
而且,不只是e-mail。我在我們學校計中工作的時候有在proxy當掉所有在Windows可執行的檔案。這個措施之後,學校的行政電腦突然幾乎沒有中毒的問題……
但是,人事室跟學務處突然會不太高興:一些專家有把那些單位需要的一些文件(當然是DOC)改成可執行壓縮檔(EXE)放在網路上。厲害……
所以,下次壓縮檔案的時候能不能也先動頭一下?你動頭一次,之後很多人不需要搖頭……
目前最流行的壓縮格式(多平台)好像是ZIP。我希望你不會還在違法使用沒有注冊的爛Winzip... 拜託,有不少比它強多的免費軟體!(放心,其中一些會有華語界面)
其實,我原來決定要寫關於壓縮檔的文章主要有一個原因:拜託,拜託,拜託,不要把ZIP檔改成EXE檔!拜託你不要做那麼超笨的事情!你不覺得這樣很笨?好吧:
你有一個文件,說是RTF或也許甚至DOC。RTF是每一個文書處理軟體可以處理的格式。DOC也有很多軟體在很多平台可以處理。不管是Windows、Linux或OS X,都有辦法處理這些檔案。你覺得檔案太大,要把它壓縮。OK,每個桌面作業系統會有辦法解壓縮你的ZIP檔。
但是突然你覺得”嘔,我要給大家一個很方便的檔案,它還會自己解壓縮,只要點兩次就好了!“ Hmm,是不是該說一聲”恭喜“?你剛把所有非Windows的使用者排除。或你覺得把一片文章改成一個Windows的執行檔會有什麼結果?
不過,這還不是你唯一的成功。也許你還沒有發現(因為不在乎或不知道這種事?),但是不少組織不會接受有可執行附加檔的e-mail。原因很簡單:避免中毒。
而且,不只是e-mail。我在我們學校計中工作的時候有在proxy當掉所有在Windows可執行的檔案。這個措施之後,學校的行政電腦突然幾乎沒有中毒的問題……
但是,人事室跟學務處突然會不太高興:一些專家有把那些單位需要的一些文件(當然是DOC)改成可執行壓縮檔(EXE)放在網路上。厲害……
所以,下次壓縮檔案的時候能不能也先動頭一下?你動頭一次,之後很多人不需要搖頭……
2008-02-28
社會組科技須知 - 檔案格式 5 (影片)
我知道,我知道:“為什麼我要學這種東西?我要教英語,不要開個攝影棚!”對,你“只要教”語言。不過,你想怎樣教?站在白板前說“子曰...“還是考慮怎麼讓學生記住一些東西?
我們學校已經幾年是“新學校”(那我是不是也算新進來的人?),所以每年變化較多,所以我也有教過一些“英語“的課,而當時發現一些問題。一個例子:如果有人不喜歡一個東西,而我問他“你不喜歡嗎?”,他的答案是“對”還是“不”?但是現在我們用英語一下:"You don't like it?"答案是yes還是no?這是一件對台灣人較困難的事,所以最好要想辦法讓學生記住。
我當時從Blues Brothers切下小短片。(在Youtube只有看到德語版。2:50開始)我想,看過這短片的學生應該不會那麼快忘記...
那,這次可能要注意什麼?首先,原則上我們看不到未壓縮的影片。我們算一下為什麼:NTSC(台灣用的美國電視制度)的DVD有720x480的解析度。每秒有60個畫面。(其實每次只有半個畫面)720x480=345600。我們需要彩色:345600x3=1036800。一個畫面已經會超過1MB!每秒60個畫面相當60MB/s。這樣,90分鐘的電影需要324GB的空間!看起來,我們不能不用壓縮...
這種壓縮方式在影片的世界叫“codec”。如果你沒有辦法播放一個影片,很可能是因為作業系統沒有裝相當的codec。不過,你不一定會從副檔名看出codec,因為還有另外一個分別:“包裝”。
一些影片檔其實是一種包裝,可以包含各種各樣的codec。AVI是這種包裝,MOV跟MKV也是。(其中,AVI最流行)所以,我的播放軟體必須知道怎麼打開這種包裝,然後系統(或者播放軟體)還必須知道怎麼播放內容。兩個這方面較強而且多平台的FOSS播放軟體是VLC跟MPlayer。
那,包裝裡面最好要用哪一種codec?XviD。或者,如果你的電腦已經有裝這個(付費)codec:H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC)。(如果需要免費的軟體:VirtualDub在Windows,AVIdemux在其它系統)其它大部分的codec已經有一點老化 - 或者會排除人。
你也可以排除人如果你用這些格式:Real Video, WMV, ASF…… 都是跟一些公司有關的,對不對?為什麼這樣會排除人?那些公司不是廣告這些格式多好用嗎?沒錯!不過,你有沒有看過一家公司廣告他們產品的缺點?我也沒有……
如果你只要做出影片為了自己的個人使用,你當然想做怎樣就可以做怎樣。反正,唯一可能被害的是你自己…… 但是如果你要為了教學做出影片,你是不是要考慮所有的學生會不會有辦法使用你的教材?你不這樣做,你原則上會限制,排除……
如果你不會要求你的學生必須在指定的眼鏡行買眼鏡才能看你的課本,應該也不需要要求他們必須買指定的作業系統,電腦或應用程式才能用你的”多媒體教材“……
我們學校已經幾年是“新學校”(那我是不是也算新進來的人?),所以每年變化較多,所以我也有教過一些“英語“的課,而當時發現一些問題。一個例子:如果有人不喜歡一個東西,而我問他“你不喜歡嗎?”,他的答案是“對”還是“不”?但是現在我們用英語一下:"You don't like it?"答案是yes還是no?這是一件對台灣人較困難的事,所以最好要想辦法讓學生記住。
我當時從Blues Brothers切下小短片。(在Youtube只有看到德語版。2:50開始)我想,看過這短片的學生應該不會那麼快忘記...
那,這次可能要注意什麼?首先,原則上我們看不到未壓縮的影片。我們算一下為什麼:NTSC(台灣用的美國電視制度)的DVD有720x480的解析度。每秒有60個畫面。(其實每次只有半個畫面)720x480=345600。我們需要彩色:345600x3=1036800。一個畫面已經會超過1MB!每秒60個畫面相當60MB/s。這樣,90分鐘的電影需要324GB的空間!看起來,我們不能不用壓縮...
這種壓縮方式在影片的世界叫“codec”。如果你沒有辦法播放一個影片,很可能是因為作業系統沒有裝相當的codec。不過,你不一定會從副檔名看出codec,因為還有另外一個分別:“包裝”。
一些影片檔其實是一種包裝,可以包含各種各樣的codec。AVI是這種包裝,MOV跟MKV也是。(其中,AVI最流行)所以,我的播放軟體必須知道怎麼打開這種包裝,然後系統(或者播放軟體)還必須知道怎麼播放內容。兩個這方面較強而且多平台的FOSS播放軟體是VLC跟MPlayer。
那,包裝裡面最好要用哪一種codec?XviD。或者,如果你的電腦已經有裝這個(付費)codec:H.264 (MPEG-4 AVC)。(如果需要免費的軟體:VirtualDub在Windows,AVIdemux在其它系統)其它大部分的codec已經有一點老化 - 或者會排除人。
你也可以排除人如果你用這些格式:Real Video, WMV, ASF…… 都是跟一些公司有關的,對不對?為什麼這樣會排除人?那些公司不是廣告這些格式多好用嗎?沒錯!不過,你有沒有看過一家公司廣告他們產品的缺點?我也沒有……
如果你只要做出影片為了自己的個人使用,你當然想做怎樣就可以做怎樣。反正,唯一可能被害的是你自己…… 但是如果你要為了教學做出影片,你是不是要考慮所有的學生會不會有辦法使用你的教材?你不這樣做,你原則上會限制,排除……
如果你不會要求你的學生必須在指定的眼鏡行買眼鏡才能看你的課本,應該也不需要要求他們必須買指定的作業系統,電腦或應用程式才能用你的”多媒體教材“……
2008-02-04
社會組科技須知 - 檔案格式 4 (音訊)
音訊?在學術界為什麼需要知道這個?很簡單:如果語言相關課上的多媒體使用要超過單純放錄音帶或CD的範圍,你可能也要了解這個。別忘記,現在2008年……
如果要談音訊檔案,那些音訊當然是數位的。錄音帶還有錄類比的波形。我雖然自己也還有不少錄音帶,但是如果你在教語言:請不要用錄音帶瘧帶你的學生!給他們電子檔,最好好一點的電子檔……
如果要電子檔,先需要做類比數位轉換。那時候一件較重要的事情是採樣率。這個平率越高,數位的資料越接近類比的波形。電話(手機)用8kHz(一秒內八千次)就夠,CD用44.1kHz,DVD 48kHz,SACD甚至用2.8MHz!另外較重要的是位元深度:音樂最好至少要用16bit(CD),話也可以用8bit。
不過,只因為你的手機會用這麼低的採樣率跟位元深度,這不是說你上課的資料也要這麼做!所以,如果你自己想錄音到檔案或轉換類比資料,能不能設定44.1kHz/16bit?你的學生會感謝你……
跟圖片一樣,音訊有壓縮跟未壓縮的格式失落跟未失落的格式。一個很流行的未壓縮未失落的格式是WAV。這是微軟較久以前建立的格式。當時他們還沒有像現在那麼封閉他們規格。
不過,這種檔案“相當”大。一分鍾的CD音樂會跟你的電腦要求大概10MB的硬碟空間。所以,我們還是要壓縮比較好。而這裡,大家先想到的是MP3。
首先,MP3不是非法的東西!它是一個音訊壓縮格式,正式的名稱是MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3。而且,它是ISO標凖。如果你覺得這是非法的,你可能要告德國的Fraunhofer學院。祝你好運……
在這些壓縮格式我們必須注意另一個地方:位元率。第一,立體聲(音樂)需要單聲(話?)的兩倍。我自己的音樂幾乎都是192kbit,但是我上課的資料(不論話或音樂)平常用80kbit - 單聲,因為我最愛的LLC-8000根本不想傳兩個聲道到學生的耳機。
另外比較”流行“的格式包含RM(RA)跟WMA。好像特別在台灣很多人盲目地把CD的音樂轉成WMA…… 我不會建議使用這兩個格式。為什麼?規格封閉。如果那兩個廠商想玩你,他們就可以玩。如果我用MP3,我可以在任何平台用像Audacity的軟體編輯我的檔案。WMA跟RM?Hmm...
如果要談音訊檔案,那些音訊當然是數位的。錄音帶還有錄類比的波形。我雖然自己也還有不少錄音帶,但是如果你在教語言:請不要用錄音帶瘧帶你的學生!給他們電子檔,最好好一點的電子檔……
如果要電子檔,先需要做類比數位轉換。那時候一件較重要的事情是採樣率。這個平率越高,數位的資料越接近類比的波形。電話(手機)用8kHz(一秒內八千次)就夠,CD用44.1kHz,DVD 48kHz,SACD甚至用2.8MHz!另外較重要的是位元深度:音樂最好至少要用16bit(CD),話也可以用8bit。
不過,只因為你的手機會用這麼低的採樣率跟位元深度,這不是說你上課的資料也要這麼做!所以,如果你自己想錄音到檔案或轉換類比資料,能不能設定44.1kHz/16bit?你的學生會感謝你……
跟圖片一樣,音訊有壓縮跟未壓縮的格式失落跟未失落的格式。一個很流行的未壓縮未失落的格式是WAV。這是微軟較久以前建立的格式。當時他們還沒有像現在那麼封閉他們規格。
不過,這種檔案“相當”大。一分鍾的CD音樂會跟你的電腦要求大概10MB的硬碟空間。所以,我們還是要壓縮比較好。而這裡,大家先想到的是MP3。
首先,MP3不是非法的東西!它是一個音訊壓縮格式,正式的名稱是MPEG-1 Audio Layer 3。而且,它是ISO標凖。如果你覺得這是非法的,你可能要告德國的Fraunhofer學院。祝你好運……
在這些壓縮格式我們必須注意另一個地方:位元率。第一,立體聲(音樂)需要單聲(話?)的兩倍。我自己的音樂幾乎都是192kbit,但是我上課的資料(不論話或音樂)平常用80kbit - 單聲,因為我最愛的LLC-8000根本不想傳兩個聲道到學生的耳機。
另外比較”流行“的格式包含RM(RA)跟WMA。好像特別在台灣很多人盲目地把CD的音樂轉成WMA…… 我不會建議使用這兩個格式。為什麼?規格封閉。如果那兩個廠商想玩你,他們就可以玩。如果我用MP3,我可以在任何平台用像Audacity的軟體編輯我的檔案。WMA跟RM?Hmm...
2008-01-28
社會組科技須知 - 檔案格式 3 (圖片)
你電腦上應該有圖片。很多圖片,對不對?都是照片,還是也有別的圖片?你是不是有時候在文件也需要用一些圖片,像流程圖或類似的?但是不好看?或者,有沒有收過很大的e-mail,然後裡面只有一兩張照片?有沒有看過十幾MB的簡報?那我們看一下為什麼會有問題……
圖片檔案會有很多種格式。太多。所以我只要談一些主要的格式跟一些基礎。第一,我們可以把電腦圖片分成兩種:點陣跟向量。區別呢?在點陣圖,檔案必須包含每一個點的資訊,亮度(黑白)或色彩(彩色)。你要更大的圖片?那你要更多“點”,所以要更多資訊 - 所以檔案更大。在這裡,檔案大小跟圖片大小有關。
向量圖不一樣。這裡你的電腦必須計算一下,因為這種圖片例如記得從什麼位子開始要畫一條什麼厚度跟色彩的線到哪一個位子。向量圖的檔案大小有關圖片內容。如果圖片幾乎是空的,檔案很小。如果有很多東西,檔案較大。但是,跟圖片大小沒有關系!
為什麼?你數學課應該有學過向量?那你應該知道可以做各種計算,例如把一些向量改成兩倍大。電腦對你的圖片也可以這樣做。向量圖雖然不太適合為了照片,但是特別是“線材”跟字的話這種格式非常適合。對,你當然也可以把點陣圖放大,但是發生什麼事?

了解嗎?左邊是點陣圖放大的結果,右邊是向量圖。如果你在文件需要圖片顯示一個流程、句子部分的關系或類似的,用到字跟線的圖片,用向量圖會讓你放大或縮小之後還是有一個漂亮的結果。
有沒有聽過CorelDRAW這個名字?你有它的盜版,是不是?CorelDRAW獨特的格式(CDR)是向量格式,這個軟體原來有名的地方就是向量圖的制造。你用它修改照片?Tsss...
但是為什麼付錢或用盜版?OpenOffice允許你畫向量圖。或者,如果你想畫很高級的圖:Inkscape。而如果你像用一個開放,而且很流行的格式,你最好要存SVG。
不過,照片之類的圖片就可能需要用點陣圖。而這裡我們可能要分壓縮跟未壓縮的格式。未壓縮的格式會為了每一個“點”存一個(黑白)或三到四個(彩色)byte。你有沒有收過BMP格式的screenshot?Windows本身會輸出未壓縮的點陣圖,所以如果一個Windows使用者沒有用額外的screenshot軟體或之後存別的格式(“這樣不是就可以嗎?”),你會收到一個比較大的檔案。
我們算一下:1024x768x3?快2.5MB!那如果用比較現代化的銀幕?1680x1050x3?超過5MB!突然你也了解為什麼上個禮拜的簡報有那麼大,對不對?那怎麼辦?當然要壓縮!不過,我們最好不要把BMP檔壓所成ZIP檔,我們要用一個壓縮圖片格式。
而這裡我們又必須選:你能不能接受失落?我有沒有聽到一個“不行”?確定?我有點懷疑,但是…… 如果你想要小一點的檔案,但是不要有失落,PNG是最好的選擇。你可以選色彩深度,甚至有支援透明。
我還是懷疑你是不是真的不能接受失落。請問,你用你的數位相機拍照的時候存RAW還是JPG檔?沒聽過RAW?了解…… JPG現在那麼流行的原因包含它雖然是失落的壓縮圖片格式,但是我可以自己決定為了每一張圖片對我比較重要的是畫質還是檔案大小。
存JPG檔的時候也要決定圖片的畫質。(甚至你的數位相機也要知道這件事,要不要再參考一下手冊?)畫質越好,檔案越大,這麼簡單。當然,壓縮的時候,圖片內容的“復雜度”也會影響壓縮效果。你應該有發現過你相機的照片有大概一樣的檔案大小,但是不會完全一樣大?
還有…… 每一個點陣圖有它的大小。圖片越大,點或畫素越多,檔案越大。我雖然可以壓縮,但是如果我根本只用XGA(1024x768)的投影機放我的簡報,為什麼裡面要用1600x1200或更大的圖片?一點都沒有意義…… 考慮一下需要的到底是什麼。只因為我們會做一件事,這還不是說我們也必須這樣做或這樣做很聰明。聽說人跟動物的一個主要的區別是人有思考能力。Hmm...
如果你現在剛好思考要用什麼軟體輸出那些格式:放心,你不需要盜版的Photoshop或盜版的ACDSee,免費的Gimp、Paint.net(Windows,對不對?)或Irfanview就好了。
圖片檔案會有很多種格式。太多。所以我只要談一些主要的格式跟一些基礎。第一,我們可以把電腦圖片分成兩種:點陣跟向量。區別呢?在點陣圖,檔案必須包含每一個點的資訊,亮度(黑白)或色彩(彩色)。你要更大的圖片?那你要更多“點”,所以要更多資訊 - 所以檔案更大。在這裡,檔案大小跟圖片大小有關。
向量圖不一樣。這裡你的電腦必須計算一下,因為這種圖片例如記得從什麼位子開始要畫一條什麼厚度跟色彩的線到哪一個位子。向量圖的檔案大小有關圖片內容。如果圖片幾乎是空的,檔案很小。如果有很多東西,檔案較大。但是,跟圖片大小沒有關系!
為什麼?你數學課應該有學過向量?那你應該知道可以做各種計算,例如把一些向量改成兩倍大。電腦對你的圖片也可以這樣做。向量圖雖然不太適合為了照片,但是特別是“線材”跟字的話這種格式非常適合。對,你當然也可以把點陣圖放大,但是發生什麼事?

了解嗎?左邊是點陣圖放大的結果,右邊是向量圖。如果你在文件需要圖片顯示一個流程、句子部分的關系或類似的,用到字跟線的圖片,用向量圖會讓你放大或縮小之後還是有一個漂亮的結果。
有沒有聽過CorelDRAW這個名字?你有它的盜版,是不是?CorelDRAW獨特的格式(CDR)是向量格式,這個軟體原來有名的地方就是向量圖的制造。你用它修改照片?Tsss...
但是為什麼付錢或用盜版?OpenOffice允許你畫向量圖。或者,如果你想畫很高級的圖:Inkscape。而如果你像用一個開放,而且很流行的格式,你最好要存SVG。
不過,照片之類的圖片就可能需要用點陣圖。而這裡我們可能要分壓縮跟未壓縮的格式。未壓縮的格式會為了每一個“點”存一個(黑白)或三到四個(彩色)byte。你有沒有收過BMP格式的screenshot?Windows本身會輸出未壓縮的點陣圖,所以如果一個Windows使用者沒有用額外的screenshot軟體或之後存別的格式(“這樣不是就可以嗎?”),你會收到一個比較大的檔案。
我們算一下:1024x768x3?快2.5MB!那如果用比較現代化的銀幕?1680x1050x3?超過5MB!突然你也了解為什麼上個禮拜的簡報有那麼大,對不對?那怎麼辦?當然要壓縮!不過,我們最好不要把BMP檔壓所成ZIP檔,我們要用一個壓縮圖片格式。
而這裡我們又必須選:你能不能接受失落?我有沒有聽到一個“不行”?確定?我有點懷疑,但是…… 如果你想要小一點的檔案,但是不要有失落,PNG是最好的選擇。你可以選色彩深度,甚至有支援透明。
我還是懷疑你是不是真的不能接受失落。請問,你用你的數位相機拍照的時候存RAW還是JPG檔?沒聽過RAW?了解…… JPG現在那麼流行的原因包含它雖然是失落的壓縮圖片格式,但是我可以自己決定為了每一張圖片對我比較重要的是畫質還是檔案大小。
存JPG檔的時候也要決定圖片的畫質。(甚至你的數位相機也要知道這件事,要不要再參考一下手冊?)畫質越好,檔案越大,這麼簡單。當然,壓縮的時候,圖片內容的“復雜度”也會影響壓縮效果。你應該有發現過你相機的照片有大概一樣的檔案大小,但是不會完全一樣大?
還有…… 每一個點陣圖有它的大小。圖片越大,點或畫素越多,檔案越大。我雖然可以壓縮,但是如果我根本只用XGA(1024x768)的投影機放我的簡報,為什麼裡面要用1600x1200或更大的圖片?一點都沒有意義…… 考慮一下需要的到底是什麼。只因為我們會做一件事,這還不是說我們也必須這樣做或這樣做很聰明。聽說人跟動物的一個主要的區別是人有思考能力。Hmm...
如果你現在剛好思考要用什麼軟體輸出那些格式:放心,你不需要盜版的Photoshop或盜版的ACDSee,免費的Gimp、Paint.net(Windows,對不對?)或Irfanview就好了。
2008-01-16
社會組科技須知 - 檔案格式 2 (文字檔)
“文書處理就是Word“ - 你會不會也這樣說?那,請問,你對Word的了解多深?一個很基本的問題:你會不會把你寫的文章當RTF檔存?如果你知道,而且也知道RTF是什麼,你不用繼續看。不知道?Hmm... 你會不會說你”會Word“?下次存檔的時候要不要先看一下你的Word可以存哪一些格式?

這是Word2007的存檔視窗。(一個朋友幫我做,我自己沒有Windows)其它版本的選項可能有點不一樣,但是平常每一個文書處理的軟體(有蠻多個,不只有Word)可以存幾種格式,而且一定會包含RTF。
如果你沒有知道這件事,可以啟動Word,按F1,然後慢慢逛。那是華語的說明,所以你應該看得懂。如果你看不懂,你原則上也不懂Word…… 但是我們想談檔案格式,所以我們看一下一些比較重要的格式:
TXT - 最單純的格式,只能記錄字,無法記錄字的格式或圖片。檔案小,相當文章大小。編碼可能造成麻煩,因為最單純的TXT檔不會包含編碼資訊,但是有編碼TXT檔。
RTF - Rich Text Format,符合文書處理主要的需求,所以會記錄字型、大小等,可以包含表格等。大小相當文章大小,但是比TXT大。奇怪的是,微軟自己大概1987年為了交換文章設計這個格式,但是現在好像不太喜歡它。
PDF - Portable Document Format,由Adobe為了交換文件設計的格式。檔案裡面用Postscript,一個印表機語言。所以,一個軟體做出的PDF檔應該跟那個軟體列印的樣子一樣。而且,PDF檔不是要修改的格式,它是最後要輸出的樣子。所以這個格式很適合顯示跟列印。許多平台支援這個格式,為了顯示或制造有不少免費軟體可以使用。
DOC - 這個格式有點麻煩。微軟為了Word已經從DOS版本開始使用這個格式,但是其實不只有一個格式。例如,Word97-2003的格式跟Word6的不一樣,Word2又不一樣,而DOS版本…… 微軟沒有開放這個格式的規格,所以如果微軟不會再支援一個版本,可能沒有人會合法地開這個版本的檔案。所以最近越來越多政府或組織使用ODF。(剛今天微軟公告要開放DOC規格,但是我看到才相信。)
DOC是Word的專屬格式,所以會支援它所有的功能。檔案是這些格式中最大的。這種檔案可以編輯,但是有問題:除了Windows跟OS X沒有平台有Word,而在OS X的Word,文章的排版可能變成跟Windows版不一樣。在Windows版排版的顯示也會跟標凖的印表機有關,所以同樣的Word版本在不同電腦可能顯示不同樣子。(對,不一定是你的錯……)
而且,最糟糕的做法是把DOC檔改成EXE檔。為什麼???如果有人覺得DOC檔太大,那為什麼還要用這個格式呢?而且,如果太大,那就簡單地壓縮一下,例如ZIP檔很流行。但是,只因為有人認為這樣比較“方便”(會嗎?)就把一個文件改成一個只在某些平台可啟動的執行檔 - 這個我真的不了解。
還好網路上沒有病毒或其它的“怪軟體”。還好那些軟體不可能是Windows的執行檔(exe, com, scr, pif等),所以還好沒有組織可能為了安全把那些檔案當掉…… 我在我們計中工作的時候把Windows所有可執行的檔案在proxy當掉 - 馬上幾乎沒有人還會中毒。不過…… 教育部雖然要求所有學校必須注意資通安全,但是學務處跟人事室還是一直抱怨,因為他們必須下載政府單位提供的文件 - 而那些文件常常是EXE檔。厲害……
ODF - Open Document Format是原來OpenOffice的專屬格式,現在是國際標凖(ISO26300),所以越來越多軟體支援它。在所有主要平台可以使用這個格式。檔案會比較小,因為ODF檔是一個ZIP檔,包含幾個XML檔跟另外需要的(例如JPG圖片)檔案。我不需要專用的文書處理軟體就可以修改ODF檔的內容。
DOCX - OOXML,微軟為了攻擊ODF設計的格式。它是MSO2007的專屬格式,目前造成很大的爭論。我建議不要使用這個格式,因為很多人沒有辦法開這種檔案。(你有Word2007?存檔時選別的格式會那麼困難嗎?)而且,連微軟本身好像不完全了解他們自己的6000(!)頁的規格……
那,這些現在要告訴我們什麼?如果我根本只要對方看或者列印我的文件,PDF最好。為什麼我要允許別人亂改我的文件,如果他只要乖乖地印,然後用筆寫?如果他要編輯文件,給他RTF比較好 - 除非我只要給一個人,而我知道他用什麼軟體。而如果我要長期保留文章,可能用TXT或ODF比較適合。
那DOC呢?Hmm... 如果對方也用Word,你當然可以試試用DOC。但是,請問,你跟別人交換DOC檔都沒有遇過麻煩?如果有,也許要考慮一下為什麼。我自己這方面影響最深刻的經驗是Word2000不願意開另一個Word2000幾分鍾前存的檔案……
2008-02-18更新:微軟剛今天開放他們主要的檔案格式的規格。這措施主要的希望好像是讓自己的OOXML終於成功變成ISO標凖。

這是Word2007的存檔視窗。(一個朋友幫我做,我自己沒有Windows)其它版本的選項可能有點不一樣,但是平常每一個文書處理的軟體(有蠻多個,不只有Word)可以存幾種格式,而且一定會包含RTF。
如果你沒有知道這件事,可以啟動Word,按F1,然後慢慢逛。那是華語的說明,所以你應該看得懂。如果你看不懂,你原則上也不懂Word…… 但是我們想談檔案格式,所以我們看一下一些比較重要的格式:
TXT - 最單純的格式,只能記錄字,無法記錄字的格式或圖片。檔案小,相當文章大小。編碼可能造成麻煩,因為最單純的TXT檔不會包含編碼資訊,但是有編碼TXT檔。
RTF - Rich Text Format,符合文書處理主要的需求,所以會記錄字型、大小等,可以包含表格等。大小相當文章大小,但是比TXT大。奇怪的是,微軟自己大概1987年為了交換文章設計這個格式,但是現在好像不太喜歡它。
PDF - Portable Document Format,由Adobe為了交換文件設計的格式。檔案裡面用Postscript,一個印表機語言。所以,一個軟體做出的PDF檔應該跟那個軟體列印的樣子一樣。而且,PDF檔不是要修改的格式,它是最後要輸出的樣子。所以這個格式很適合顯示跟列印。許多平台支援這個格式,為了顯示或制造有不少免費軟體可以使用。
DOC - 這個格式有點麻煩。微軟為了Word已經從DOS版本開始使用這個格式,但是其實不只有一個格式。例如,Word97-2003的格式跟Word6的不一樣,Word2又不一樣,而DOS版本…… 微軟沒有開放這個格式的規格,所以如果微軟不會再支援一個版本,可能沒有人會合法地開這個版本的檔案。所以最近越來越多政府或組織使用ODF。(剛今天微軟公告要開放DOC規格,但是我看到才相信。)
DOC是Word的專屬格式,所以會支援它所有的功能。檔案是這些格式中最大的。這種檔案可以編輯,但是有問題:除了Windows跟OS X沒有平台有Word,而在OS X的Word,文章的排版可能變成跟Windows版不一樣。在Windows版排版的顯示也會跟標凖的印表機有關,所以同樣的Word版本在不同電腦可能顯示不同樣子。(對,不一定是你的錯……)
而且,最糟糕的做法是把DOC檔改成EXE檔。為什麼???如果有人覺得DOC檔太大,那為什麼還要用這個格式呢?而且,如果太大,那就簡單地壓縮一下,例如ZIP檔很流行。但是,只因為有人認為這樣比較“方便”(會嗎?)就把一個文件改成一個只在某些平台可啟動的執行檔 - 這個我真的不了解。
還好網路上沒有病毒或其它的“怪軟體”。還好那些軟體不可能是Windows的執行檔(exe, com, scr, pif等),所以還好沒有組織可能為了安全把那些檔案當掉…… 我在我們計中工作的時候把Windows所有可執行的檔案在proxy當掉 - 馬上幾乎沒有人還會中毒。不過…… 教育部雖然要求所有學校必須注意資通安全,但是學務處跟人事室還是一直抱怨,因為他們必須下載政府單位提供的文件 - 而那些文件常常是EXE檔。厲害……
ODF - Open Document Format是原來OpenOffice的專屬格式,現在是國際標凖(ISO26300),所以越來越多軟體支援它。在所有主要平台可以使用這個格式。檔案會比較小,因為ODF檔是一個ZIP檔,包含幾個XML檔跟另外需要的(例如JPG圖片)檔案。我不需要專用的文書處理軟體就可以修改ODF檔的內容。
DOCX - OOXML,微軟為了攻擊ODF設計的格式。它是MSO2007的專屬格式,目前造成很大的爭論。我建議不要使用這個格式,因為很多人沒有辦法開這種檔案。(你有Word2007?存檔時選別的格式會那麼困難嗎?)而且,連微軟本身好像不完全了解他們自己的6000(!)頁的規格……
那,這些現在要告訴我們什麼?如果我根本只要對方看或者列印我的文件,PDF最好。為什麼我要允許別人亂改我的文件,如果他只要乖乖地印,然後用筆寫?如果他要編輯文件,給他RTF比較好 - 除非我只要給一個人,而我知道他用什麼軟體。而如果我要長期保留文章,可能用TXT或ODF比較適合。
那DOC呢?Hmm... 如果對方也用Word,你當然可以試試用DOC。但是,請問,你跟別人交換DOC檔都沒有遇過麻煩?如果有,也許要考慮一下為什麼。我自己這方面影響最深刻的經驗是Word2000不願意開另一個Word2000幾分鍾前存的檔案……
2008-02-18更新:微軟剛今天開放他們主要的檔案格式的規格。這措施主要的希望好像是讓自己的OOXML終於成功變成ISO標凖。
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